Interoperability Essay

Interoperability has been described as the extent in which systems and devices can exchange data and translate that shared information. It is the ability of one system to perform work in addition with other systems without asking for too much hard work from the other users. This system enhances the importance for information technology to make the networks and integrations work. In order for the process to function properly the two systems that are attempting to share information must be able to exchange data and introduce that same information to other users in a way that he or she can understand it. There are many organizations in the business world and many have different operating systems. The importance of interoperability in this aspect is to allow each organization to share important information amongst one another. An example would be if an organization such as Child Protective Services (CPS) wanted to share client information with another Protective Services agency regarding a client both organizations should be able to exchange and translate information amongst coordinating organizations. Child Protective Services Child Protective Services (CPS) is known as major department with the Department of Human Services. CPS supports and maintains the social and economic welfare of children by offering services to children to help protect them from abuse and/or child neglect. The Department of Humans Services in California offers CPS to families. CPS serves as mandated reports as well as an organization to protect children from neglect or abuse within the home, from his or her family, foster home or anyone responsible for the care of the child. The services of CPS are to provide protection to the children, provide resources to enable to child to remain residing in the home under safe and harmless circumstances. Also to remove abused or neglected children from the home and to possibly terminate any parental or guardian rights to ensure that the child will be eliminated from any potential danger or harm. The basic constituent of the process include: providing any and all services to minimize potential harm to children and provide resources to families to help them protect and provide appropriate care to his or her child. Next, is to provide the best services possible to meet each child and families unique needs. Last, taking each allegation  made seriously and assessing the allegations to the best of one’s ability to ensure that if there is any form of abuse or neglect the necessary steps occur in order to protect the child. The services of CPS are to intervene if necessary and protect children until his or her parent is capable to doing so. The most essential aspect of CPS is to recognize the protection of children and to ensure that reasonable efforts are made to maintain children safely in their own home, to reunite the family as soon as the courts see fit or to find permanency for the child if the situation permits for the parental rights to be voided. Other services inc lude mental health, counseling, parenting skills training, medical care/services and adoption services. Methods of Interoperability There are several different methods to implement interoperability. Many organizations have created their own interoperability methods. One of the methods of interoperability is technical interoperability, which is the ability for different technologies to communicate and exchange data-based upon well-defined interface standards. The second is semantic interoperability, which is the ability to each endpoint to communicate data and have the receiving party understand the message in the sense intended by the sending party. The third is policy interoperability, which is the common business policies and processes related to the transmission, receipt and acceptance of data between systems, which a legal framework supports. Advantages and Disadvantages Conclusion Interoperability has been described as the extent in which systems and devices can exchange data and translate that shared information. Interoperability has many advantages and disadvantages. The goal of CPS is to find avenues to execute full backups bi-weekly and this process will be complemented daily. This organization will also implement an extended back up program monthly.

Death of a Hero, Written by R.Aldington

The text under analysis is taken from the novel â€Å"Death of a hero†, written by Richard Aldington. The first extract under analysis is very emotional by itself. In connection with the main theme of the novel the main idea of the first extract is the representation of the beauty of things menaced by war. The first is a beautiful canvas of spring as seen by two young and sensitive people in love. And the second one is regretful author's interposition about British nature and vulnerability of people of art during the war. From the very beginning of the text we see this beauty, and when George and Elizabeth just entered the Bushey Park .They were literally shocked by the beauty of the English garden and nature. This unexpectedness is conveyed to the reader through the metaphor â€Å"sudden ecstasy of delight†. We realize how sensitive and poetic they are, and how subtly they feel this delight. And the whole text, with its highly-emotional vocabulary, rhythm and colorful descriptions sounds more like a poem. And we can find the prove in the next couple of sentences. The description of the garden is very imaginary, as if we can see it through our own eyes. This effect is created with a help of certain syntactical structure.Many sentences beginning with adverbials of place: â€Å"Between the wall†¦ and another long high wall†¦ â€Å", â€Å"Underfoot†¦ â€Å", â€Å"There†¦ â€Å", â€Å"Among them†¦ â€Å", directing our gaze and inviting the reader to enjoy all the loveliness of the sight. The choice of words is also very rich and poetic in this part of the extract. Such as â€Å"†grandiose scale†, â€Å"innumerable bulbs†, â€Å"great secular trees†, â€Å"vast fans† help to show the splendor of the nature, to emphasize the color the author uses mostly coupled epithets such as â€Å"glittering green-and-gold foliage†, â€Å"the stouter green of wild plants†, â€Å"ten der blue sky†, â€Å"white and blue blossoms† and many others.All these create a visible scenery of the garden. For the greater part the epithets or attributes denoting color, are combined with metaphors describing the shapes of the flowers: â€Å"pale hearts† of the lilacs, â€Å"foam of white and blue blossoms†. A whole cluster of metaphors is devoted to the wild daffodil: â€Å"the soft, slim yellow trumpet†, â€Å"a pointed ruff of white petals†, â€Å"gold head†. Also, to create even more visional scenery the author uses simile very often in this part of the extract.And he compares the grass to an evening sky and the flowers to stars, the red tulips to bubbles of dark wine, and the large parti-coloured gold and red tulips are said to be â€Å"noble and sombre like the royal banner of Spain† . The colors are very warm and soft, ad its completely different from the colors that would be used in the next part. The choice of wor ds is remarkable for their sonorous quality (foliage, unfold, verdure, alert, sombre, banner etc. ). The passage is particularly rich in adjectives with alliterating (slender, stiff stem; glittering green-and-gold foliage; lost in the lush herbs).The alliterations are mainly based on the l- and r-sounds. These features make the passage particularly musical. To create the same musical effect the author uses the inversion. These stylistic devices create the atmosphere of harmony, beauty and splendor. With the words â€Å"English spring flowers† the second part of the text starts. And we can hear admiration and regret in this words. The change from the mood of tender delight to that of sadness and tension is immediate. Emotional words pervading the paragraph change their key; they are woe, bitterness, despair, bleak, mournful, appalling, foul, regretful.The author just opposed the the peaceful beauty of nature and the bitterness and despair in the world of men. This sharp contra st creates the atmosphere of despair and in this sentence â€Å"What an answer to our ridiculous â€Å"cosmic woe†, how salutary, what a soft reproach to bitterness and avarice and despair, what balm to hurt minds! † we realize it even more clear how unnecessary it is to have war. And the allusion from Virgil's  Aeneide shows to us that people should stop or they would have the same destiny as Troyans.Another contrast, brought about, is between the â€Å"bleak sky† and the â€Å"bleak race† of England and her beautiful flowers and poets. The final pathetic rhetorical question is whether the prospective conqueror would â€Å"think regretfully and tenderly of the flowers and the poets†. Also, the presentiment of England's final ruin is worded as one more classical quotation. The phrase: â€Å"fuit Ilium† is from Virgil's  Aeneidethe whole line being: â€Å"Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium† which is the Latin for â€Å"We were Troyans: Troy was†, implying that it is now no more.The sharp contrasts, as well as the emphasis laid on the effect the transitory moment produces upon the heroes' senses, the refined metaphorical imagery comparing things in nature to man-made objects of luxury, — all these combine to bring Aldington's word-painting close to the Impressionist school. The lyrical intensity of Aldington's descriptions largely depends on the combination of the direct imagistic method, i. e. presenting things in a series of images almost physically palpable and real – with the author's own comments, bitter or sad.

Explication of “Siren Song” by Margaret Atwood Essay

Margaret Atwood’s â€Å"Siren Song† is a lyric that consists of nine three-lined stanzas that neither possess any recognizable rhyme scheme nor rhythm. The speaker of this poem is a mythical creature, a Siren, who addresses us, the audience, when she speaks of the victims whom she lured through the enticing song she sings. The overall tone of this poem is sarcastic and quite sinister. The title itself immediately depicts the theme and speaker of the poem. The whole poem is an example of classical allusion, referring to Homer’s Odyssey. The Sirens within the Odyssey are said to be captivating women who sit on an island and lure men with their tantalizing song and beautiful voices, causing them to jump out of their ships and die. The title of the poem forewarns us, and with a name like â€Å"Siren†, the audience should comprehend its literal meaning: â€Å"Danger! Warning! Avoid if you can!†, but we, as readers, want to know more about the Siren’s song, anyway. With naà ¯ve arrogance, we approach the subject, thinking we are strong enough to turn away if things take a turn for the worse, after all, it is just a song. In the first three stanzas, the Siren introduces and briskly elaborates on her tempting song. â€Å"This is the one song everyone would like to learn: the song that is irresistible†, she says. She begins to lure us into her trap as we become curious as to why the song is so compelling. The Siren explains how men jump overboard after hearing her song, even though they see the skulls that are scattered around the island. Most would think that this is an obvious indication as to the outcome for the â€Å"squadrons [of men]† as well. Her song is one that â€Å"nobody knows because anyone who has heard it is dead†, which should also deter the audience from wanting to hear her song, but we are still, of course, tempted. These first three stanzas serve as an â€Å"alluring warning†, in a sense. Through the next five stanzas, she continues to say that if we assist her â€Å"out of [her] bird suit†, she â€Å"shall tell [us] the secret†. We are left, curiously, to find out what the secret is. The image of a â€Å"bird suit† is a symbol for the conformity the Siren endures, or rather, what she wants us to believe she endures. She says she doesn’t enjoy â€Å"squatting on [an] island, looking picturesque and mythical, with two [other] maniacs†. She makes us believe that all she wants is to be freed from being trapped in her â€Å"bird suit†. She tries to convince us to â€Å"come closer†, and continues to make us feel special, saying that we are â€Å"unique†, and that â€Å"only [we]† can help her. She insists that her song is really â€Å"a cry for help†, and that she’ll tell us her secret – all we have to do is lean in and continue to listen to her tantalizing song. â€Å"Alas it is a boring song but it works every time†, says the Siren in the final stanza. Her song, her cries for help – they all have been a ploy to lure in her next victims. Maybe, her promise to reveal her secret was kept, after all. Perhaps her secret was the fact that her song will always work. She describes her song as â€Å"boring†, and seems almost amused with the outcome of her trap, as though her devious ways are second nature. Regrettably, however, we fell victims to her conniving personality and enthralling song, even after being warned from the moment we read the title. â€Å"Siren Song† by Margaret Atwood is a beautiful poem that cleverly describes the method the Siren uses to catch her victims. The poem takes on a sinister and seductive nature, which leaves us to be quite the opposite of â€Å"unique† – another victim of the Sirens.

Financial Management case study 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial Management case study 2 - Essay Example Based on the probability distribution of the rate of return, you can compute two key parameters, the expected rate of return and the standard deviation of rate of return. This in fact is the measure of risk for a single asset. State Probability Return on Stock A Return on Stock B 1 20% 5% 50% 2 30% 10% 30% 3 30% 15% 10% 4 20% 20% -10% Given a probability distribution of returns, the expected return can be calculated using the following equation:Where, E [R] is the expected return on the stock; N = no: of states; pi is the probability of state i and Ri is return on the stock in state i. So we see that Stock B offers a higher expected return than Stock A. However, that is only part of the story; we haven't yet considered risk. Given an assets expected return, its variance can be calculated using the following equation and the standard deviation is calculated as the positive square root of the variance. Although Stock B offers a higher expected return than Stock A, it also is riskier since its variance and standard deviation are greater than Stock A's. Advantages of Risk and Return: It enables investors and entrepreneurs in taking capital budgeting decisions. In case of risk chances of future losses can be foreseen. Disadvantages of Risk and Return: Uncertainty lies in decisions taken based on these. Calculations might be difficult at times. (b) Explain, with examples, how you would measure the risk of a portfolio. Most investors invest in a portfolio of assets, as they do not want to pout all their eggs in one basket. Hence what really matters to them is not the risk and return of stocks in isolation, but the risk and return of the portfolio as a whole. Expected return of a portfolio: The expected return of a... Most investors invest in a portfolio of assets, as they do not want to pout all their eggs in one basket. Hence what really matters to them is not the risk and return of stocks in isolation, but the risk and return of the portfolio as a whole. Expected return of a portfolio: The expected return of a portfolio is simply the weighted average of the expected returns on the assets comprising the portfolio. For eg : when a portfolio consists of two securities then the expected return is Consider the following two stock portfolios and their respective returns (in per cent) over the last six months. Both portfolios end up increasing in value from $1,000 to $1,058. However, they clearly differ in volatility. Portfolio A's monthly returns range from -1.5% to 3% whereas Portfolio B's range from -9% to 12%. The standard deviation of the returns is a better measure of volatility than the range because it takes all the values into account. The standard deviation of the six returns for Portfolio A is *1.52; for Portfolio B it is *7.24.

The Great South Bay of Long Ireland Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Great South Bay of Long Ireland - Case Study Example "According to statistics, the hard clam population in the Great South Bay has declined by 90% since 1976. The number of bushels harvested by baymen between the mid 1970's and the late 1990's declined more than 70%" ('Rep. Grucci (NY1) Secures', 2007). The clam population decline threatens biodiversity of the region and wildlife extinction. Thesis Many years of clam fishing and exploitation of resources results in water deterioration, extinction of hard-clam population and industry decline. Poor quality of water is the main cause of the clam population decline and overexploitation of these resources. Clams are be capable of tolerating extreme fluctuations in environmental conditions (salinity fluctuations are particularly stressful). Clams purify water and balance biodiversity in the region. "Degradation of water quality, especially by nonpoint source runoff, is of mounting concern. The Great South Bay is the receptacle for water from the more than a million people that live within the bay's drainage basin" (SIGNIFICANT HABITATS n.d.). Thus, water quality is the main concern in this region because of high rates of lead and zinc contamination caused by industrial pollution. Moreover, the quality of water has deteriorated because of the large amounts of pesticides, copper and other chemicals which have been used to increase production. The presence of clams is critical to many valued coastal fisheries resources. Small clam populations are unable to pump and purify waters of the basin. Substances such as oil, grease, petrol, heavy metals and leached salines have been added to the water. As a result of the changes in water quality and total control of water began to spread. Overclamming results in extinction of the hard-clam population and has a negative impact on regional biodiversity. Clams are the main food for small sharps and squid. Decline in clam populations leads to environmental imbalance and can cause extinction of sea fish. Both the rate of loss of biodiversity and the equilibrium level of diversity that survives will be influenced through actions taken now to protect species, genetic resources, and critical habitats, while using them sustainably to meet social and economic needs. To make collective action even less harmonious, some ecological disturbances can be viewed not only as inevitable, but as necessary to the health of an ecosystem. Scientists "question whether any preventable losses should be allowed at a time when tens of thousands of dollars per acre is being spent to restore grass beds" (Blankenship 1998). But even were the best of those measures in place, the pace of destruction would still be too fast. That is because there inhe res in the earth's biological assets an uneliminable public good dimension. Industry decline could have a great impact on regional economy and unemployment. The region depends upon this industry and, if nothing changes, in several years clamming population will disappear. "No where else in America is the relationship between a healthy environment and a healthy economy more evident and intertwined than right here on Long Island," added Rep. Grucci" (Rep. Grucci (NY1) Secures, 2001). Undoubtedly, production and trade of clams embody a definite amount of economic rents that accrue to the various market participants. The

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The person behind this is Ingvar Kamprad, a dyslexic, who established IKEA in Almhult, Sweden at the age of 17. The ownership is under a Dutch-registered foundation which is run by the family of Ingvar Kamprad. The owner and franchiser is Inter IKEA Systems B.V. which also holds the IKEA trademark and the IKEA concept. The mother company of IKEA Group of Companies is INGKA Holding B. V., who is also the owner of Swedwood Industrial group, and is owned solely by Stichting INGKA Foundation which is registered in Netherlands. The said IKEA concept is based on different functional home and furnishing products that are sold in cheap price – enough to make it affordable to many people because the concept aims to cater to the needs of people to have a good life by having a nice and comfortable house. The IKEA concept is still maintained up to now and can be seen through the transaction of every business. IKEA has also the idea of getting out of the status quo of producing high quality materials with a high-end price and producing low quality product at low price. For them, it is better to produce high quality products that are affordable. This is possible according to IKEA through having devises that are cost-efficient and innovative at the same time. With this thinking, IKEA is successful in creating good products with nice designs at affordable price. The IKEA brand has complex ownership because it is owned by so many companies and foundations. Then those companies which are considered retailers pay 3% royalty of the total sales to the original owners, which is the Kamprad family. The distribution of products is made through different outlets around the world. There are 251 stores which can be found in 34 countries dominantly in Europe, United States, Canada, Asia, Middle East, and Australia. The countries which have the first IKEA store are Sweden (1958), Norway (1963), Denmark (1969), Switzerland (1973), Germany (1974),

Internal Auditing - Al Ain Rotana Hotel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internal Auditing - Al Ain Rotana Hotel - Essay Example Rotana hotel has managed to counter this risk by putting in place a qualified doorman to receive guests. It has also trained its staff on good interpersonal skills and speed reception. To ensure effective management of addressing of guests feedback, the hotel has to deal with the risk of poor service delivery to impatient customers when handling a complaint as customers differ from each other. Rotana Hotel has formulated a policy on complaint handling that involves all employees receiving complaint handling training, complaints to be addressed by the first individual to handle it, the staff should have knowledge of how to satisfy a complaining guest, a complaint log to be maintained in the front office and the general manager to be informed of all complaints. In regards, to ensuring efficient recruitment, welfare, training and development process of the staff, the risks involved in check-in process without the staff taking proper identifications mostly due to negligence or poor skilled in the check-in process and revealing inside information to outsiders which is dangerous and caused by irresponsibility of the staff. The hospital has managed to sponsor programs of proper selection and recruitment process, staff orientation and performance management so as to have reliable working force to propel the scales of the hotel. The objective of maintaining adequate controls on room occupancy is affected by the risk of double checking in the check-in process where a guest checks in and is not recorded in the system due to default in management. The hospital introduced room control measures that will not enable checking in without full complete of the registration process, guests to be contacted prior to their departure and vacant room accounts to be closed. Discrepancies on rooms to be viewed twice a day and any differences between room occupancy and housekeeping to be addressed. Establishing proper handling of

What I did during my internship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

What I did during my internship - Essay Example I was later introduced to everyone who I would be working closely within athletics and later told me about his career path and how he got started. Mr. Brave resume displayed that he had lots of experience in the production field. He’s started learning the production end of television at an early age of 13. I was given a tour of all of the athletics facilities on campus and I was also taught about all the different machines and their functions. Every facility had something unique about them and most of the facilities had to share a lot of the same equipment as well. Later during that week I found out that I was going to be working about baseball and softball games. I would be assisting in enabling people to follow USF softball and baseball games from home which I found exciting because I have always been a sports fan. As my passion for the game continued to develop, it lead me into a field that I never thought I had an interest for, which is sports reporting. Things started to get busy on my second week of internship. I began getting hands on doing editing with the aid of Final Cut Pro. I have had prior experience using final cut pro while taking broadcast news, but it was during the internship that I was really able to develop my editing skills. My broadcast news professor was not very skilled in this application and so although I was familiar with the basics, getting hands on was the best way to really understand how it works. It was during my second week that I was asked to put together a highlight film for the men’s and women’s basketball team. I found it really interesting because I am a basketball fan, and I totally understand the game and this kind of sport in general. I also know most personalities behind the industry. I went about finding important clips and editing them to craft a story that is both interesting and compelling to the

How the Lack of Technical and Financial Means Prevent Sustainability Essay

How the Lack of Technical and Financial Means Prevent Sustainability in Developing Countries - Essay Example Such communications are necessary for international trade and the import and export of goods. Business operations would no longer be limited to the home nation alone, but would open the entire world to what that nation has to offer. Such technological innovations would also broaden the range of stakeholders who have an interest in information and communication developments (Souter, p. 5). When developing countries begin showing continual promise, investors can find wonderful opportunities within that country that convinces them to invest money in that economy. When that money is invested, the economy benefits as well. Such actions tend to persuade others to do the same, which can then add a popular trend to investing in that particular market. The World Trade Order states that commercial interests do not take priority over development. They know that freer trade boosts economic growth and that that economic growth supports development. The debate, on the other hand, is of whether or not developing countries gain any from this particular system, but it isn't true that these countries gain nothing at all. Since developing countries are higher on the priority list, they are allowed more time to apply the high number of provisions of the World Trade Order agreements. Those that are less developed receive special treatment, which means that they don't necessarily have to follow certain provisions (WTO p.1). But there is still a deficiency that exists; otherwise those provisions in place that are required to be followed would be working. Perhaps the provisions need to be reviewed in order to give these countries a boost in the right direction and cause a snowball effect that... This report stresses that there is no doubt that developing countries are on the agendas of the WTO and the International Institute for Sustainable Development. One of the priorities on these agendas is the information and communication technology sector. Developing countries that would be able to achieve success in the information and communication technology sector would be able to achieve communication internationally with other businesses and with consumers to increase income potential. Such communications are necessary for international trade and the import and export of goods. Business operations would no longer be limited to the home nation alone, but would open the entire world to what that nation has to offer. This paper makes a conclusion that there is a technological and financial deficiency when it comes to the advancement of developing countries being behind the rest of the world. Developing countries do have, on the other hand, some processes that are in place, otherwise they wouldn’t be developing. One could honestly say that if these countries did not have some sort of successful processes happening, they would be considered undeveloped and consist of much higher poverty levels than what they currently have. Globalization has opened a world of opportunities for developing countries, but it has also opened a world of opportunities for the developing countries to be taken advantage of.

International Monetary Fund Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Monetary Fund - Essay Example The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an inter-governmental organization which was established to endorse international money cooperation, systematic exchange arrangements and exchange stability. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) offers the technical and financial assistance to its members in different areas of economic policy–basically in the field of exchange rates, fiscal, monetary and financial sector policies (The World Economy, â€Å"The International Monetary Fund†). Overview of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established in July 1944, under the ‘Bretton Woods System’ which comprised of three international organizations, those were: The International Monetary Fund (IMF): It was established with a purpose of developing International Monetary Cooperation. The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development: This was established with a motive of International Development Assistance and Investme nt. The International Trade Organization: It was established with a motive to develop International Trade. The above three components of The Bretton Woods System were entertained in the context of war, high unemployment, depression, hyper inflation and high fluctuating exchange rates which effected the global economy in the 1930s (Sykes, â€Å"Organisational Information†). ... Surveillance Consultations: Consultations concluded for 120 countries in FY 2010 and for 88 countries in FY 2011 as on 11/02/2011 (The International Monetary Fund, â€Å"The IMF at a Glance†). The IMF’s governing body essentially, is the board of governors. Each state is being represented by their respective elected governor (member of the Board of Governor, IMF). The IMF’s executive board is its executive body, and is comprised of 24 Executive Directors; each of them is either elected or appointed by the members. The executive board of the IMF is responsible for regulating the smooth flow of business of the organization. There are two committees, the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Development Committee which are appointed by the Board of Governors (Sykes, â€Å"Organisational Information†). Merits and De–Merits The IMF has executed many reforms till date, it has been designed to strengthen its network and improve its capabil ity to perform well and serve its membership efficiently. The IMF has rapidly become an open and transparent organization; it has also inculcated transparency among its membership. Moreover, it is also working to strengthen its economic governance. These aspects have been undertaken through promoting the use of codes and standards as a medium for better financial management, economic and corporate governance. The IMF is also working to safeguard the integrity and stability of the International Financial System globally. More specifically, the IMF, the World Bank along with the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) perform together to strengthen the combat money laundering sectors along with the financial sectors in member countries. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an

The Term Mass Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Term Mass Culture - Essay Example Spread of Mass Culture Culture, particularly the mass culture, has spread rapidly with the passage of time. There was a time when there was little or no globalization in the world. Even the concept of national culture was non-existent in a vast majority of countries because of the fact that regional differences dominated. Within the same country, people belonging to different regions had possession of different kinds of regional resources. This gave rise to the development of subcultures in the same nation wherein people were classified into different communities with distinct values, norms, and principles. Regional culture was stronger than the national culture and the mass culture was non-existent. This was predominantly the time till the mid 19th century. The onset of industrial revolution brought a change in the trend and national culture started to gain dominance over the regional cultures. With the development of technology and the identification of new opportunities of employm ent and business, people developed acceptability towards external cultures. As technological trade amongst countries improved, consumers in different countries started using same products. This trend continued over the centuries. People from the underdeveloped countries started migrating towards the developed countries in large numbers in search of better opportunities of employment. The technological exchange was followed by the cultural integration and unification across nations. This happened since the start of the industrial revolution till the late 1900s. Then came the era of massive exchange of cultures; particularly the 21st century. While all kinds of technologies contributed towards the development of mass culture, one technology that played the most important role in the spread of mass culture was the Internet. Internet provided people with the opportunities to communicate with one another almost free of cost from different parts of the world. Many of the brick and mortar businesses also got transformed into virtual businesses because of the reduced costs and increased profitability of businesses. The development and introduction of the social media websites aided in the creation of a virtual self of their users. Today, a vast majority of the people all over the world have similar lifestyles in that they use same products, are the employees of same organizations irrespective of geographic variations, speak same languages, and understand and respect one another’s values. This is what has fundamentally promoted the mass culture. There is a very small percentage of people who have not merged into the mass culture. Mass Culture and Popular Culture People sometimes use mass culture and popular culture interchangeably. â€Å"The development of the idea of popular culture is linked to arguments about meaning and interpretation which predate but become strikingly evident in the debates over mass culture† (Strinati, 1995, p. 3). There is a very thin line of distinction between the mass culture and the popular culture. The popular culture is the totality of the norms, values, and perspectives of a given culture. â€Å"Popular culture is made from within and below, not imposed from without or above as mass cultural theorists would have it† (Fiske, 1991, p. 2). Mass culture can be considered popular culture in a vast majority of cases, though mass culture is not necessarily always popular,

Creons Downfall Essay Example for Free

Creons Downfall Essay It is clear that Creon’s tragic flaw was his pride, arrogance and beliefs of a leader that cause his downfall. His downfall began when he denied the burial of Polyneices and was firm when he condemned Antigone for her objection to his law. Creon represents the laws of the land and the divine ruler of society. He remains loyal in upholding his laws and trying to overpower the laws of the gods, until the end when he realizes that the divine laws are stronger than his own. His regards for the laws of the city cause him to abandon all other beliefs. He feels that all should obey the rules set forth by him, even if other beliefs, moral or religious, state otherwise. This is proven when he says, â€Å"As long as I am King, no traitor is going to be honored with the loyal man. But whoever shows by word and deed that he is on the side of the State-he shall have my respect while he is living and my reverence when he is dead† (pp. 40) This proves that no one should disobey his rules even if the people that he rules for thinks his morals are wrong. But no one wants to speak out or stand up to Creon because they all fear him and afraid to loose their life going against his words. Creon showed his stubbornness by not wanting to be proved wrong because of pride. He did not want to listen to the people of Thebes who tried to tell him that Antigone did the right thing, but for fear of him, they could not really say anything. Creon thought by making an example of Antigone’s execution, everybody would get scared and won’t try to break his laws. He abused his power by thinking that he can change or break the laws of the god’s and not allowing other people to break his laws. He did not want to burry Polyneices’ body, but one of the god’s law was that every human deserves to be buried after death not depending on what that certain person did in his lifetime. Creon caused fear among his people by making a public announcement that nobody is allowed to burry Polyneices. He said that the state of Thebes consists of only him, and that there are no other laws than his. The major actions that Creon took to cause the downfall of Thebes are that he did not want to burry Polyneices nor did allow any body to do it. He broke the burial law of the god’s and punished Antigone for following their laws. The people of Thebes knew that Creon made a mistake but still were too afraid to speak up. Antigone thought that she should get honored for that what she did, but Creon did not think that way. Conclusion The downfall of Thebes was caused by Creon’s stubbornness and abuse of power. He thought by being King he can do whatever he pleases and have everything going his way. Creon’s role as a King made him believe that he has the right to brake the laws of god’s and makeup his own. He caused the corruption of Thebes by trying to measure his powers with the powers of the god’s which Teiresias foreshadowed that it won’t have a good ending. References Antigone: Creon’s Flaws. Dec 2004.

Value Added Services In Logistics Operations Marketing Essay

Value Added Services In Logistics Operations Marketing Essay Logistics is a procedure to optimize all activities to ensure the delivery of cargo through a transport chain from one end to the other. The comparative efficiency of a countrys trade logistics chain is of vital importance in enhancing competitiveness of its industry and commerce. In this regard, international differences in trade logistics efficiency determine in large extent the efficiency and sustainability of the economies. In developed countries such as the U.S. and Japan, logistics costs are about 10 per cent of GDP. For some less developed economies, these costs exceed 30 per cent. Moreover, these differences among countries appear to be widening. According to the European Logistics Association, the logistics costs in relation to annual turnover can amount to more than 30 per cent in the food industry, 27 per cent in the metal industry, 23 per cent in the chemical industry, 15 per cent in the automotive sector. The percentages may differ from country to country and industry by industry, but many of the critical cost factors are influenced by public policy. The logistics chain consists of activities that facilitate the movement of goods from supply to demand. As many such activities require the use of ports, port authorities have taken a particular interest in the various port activities involved in logistics. Logistics costs are not limited to costs consumed in carrying out logistics activities. Rather, they should be understood as all costs input into a given logistics system for the provision of logistics service. According to the US Department of Transportation, logistics is defined to be the method that service groups position themselves to perform activities such as transportation, warehousing, inventories, information processing and customer relations. Advanced logistics is the term used when the firms make use of technologies and permits to reduce costs by substituting large inventories, multiple warehouses and customer service outlets with transportation, e-commerce and just-in-time deliveries. To reap the benefits of advanced logistics, firms have restructured themselves in relation to transporting of goods from one point to another and improving infrastructure. During the 1970s typical logistics functions focused on traditional physical distribution activities, including the movement and storage of finished goods between the producer and consumer. Those specific functions were identified in the 1985 A.T. Kearney study of logistics organizations as outbound transportation, logistics administration, intracompany transportation, logistics control, finished goods field warehousing, and logistics systems planning. These activities were eventually determined to be quite narrow in terms of meeting customer needs. Therefore, they provided the foundation for broader interpretation of logistics, which led to inclusion of various activities like the processing of orders and development of customer relations, finished goods plant warehousing, finished goods inventory management, and inbound transportation. The third phase in this evolutionary process was identified to include logistics engineering, production planning, sourcing or purchasing, raw mater ials or work-in-process inventory management, sales forecasting, and international logistics. This evolutionary process moves logistics from its traditional physical responsibility to an integrative value added role in the business. As logistics becomes more important in an organization, it encompasses more functional areas within a single responsibility center to provide more coordination and more highly integrate the logistics channel. Because of the evolution of the logistics operations, its responsibility travels further back through the supply chain to the raw material source. When logistics operations is linked with manufacturing operations, it can be seen that the aspects of manufacturing activities with logistics operations activities address the common underlying foundations that contribute to the value of the products and services offered to customers. According to a study conducted by Frost Sullivan in 2009, about logistics operations in ASEAN countries, it was found that Singapore accounts for the lowest percentage of logistics as a part of total sales at 8 percent while Indonesia has the highest at 19 percent. According to this 2009 study, Malaysia and Thailand accounts for 17 and 12 percent, respectively. It has been noted that the high logistics costs may be attributed to inefficiency in operations. The inefficiency may be linked to the lack of trained man power and inadequate support to facilities and infrastructure, which has led to the slow flow of cargo and distribution of goods. Based from this study it can be deducted that an efficient operation is due to the presence of trained professionals, high quality and an array of logistics services offered and an excellent infrastructure and communications or information system. As of present date, studies have shown that transportation is the largest contributing factor to the cost acquired by most companies. Currently, the primary reason of most consumers for engaging in a third party logistics provider or what is known to be a trucking service is to enhance the efficiency of logistics operations through professional intervention. Engaging in a trucking service also has its cost advantages and thereby acts as a cost saving move for most companies. An arrangement with a logistics company also provides the consumer the ability to focus on other concerns such as their own competency and reliability. It is no surprise therefore that the main criterion evaluated by most companies engaging in this service is the cost savings factor. There is only Malaysia that evaluates the services offered and the condition of the equipments when choosing their logistics service provider. Meanwhile, it has also been found out that across ASEAN countries, technology is the least considered factor. On the other hand, it can be noted that the most efficient country in logistics operations, Singapore, is heavily focused in the communications area. This countrys most influential consideration factor is the network coverage employed by the logistics service provider since Singaporean companies are main players in the international market. Technology wise, there are sixty percent of consumers adopting technology are heavily rely on warehouse management and the bar coding system. On the other hand, transportation planning system and vehicle tracking system are yet to be embraced by more than sixty percent of the end-users. The use of the smart labeling system or RFID for public vehicles is still low. The adoption and usage for RFID or smart labeling system are still low mainly because of the high cost of implementation and the less mature technologies across South East Asia. Among all the activities in logistics operations, transportation is the most utilized activity accounting for more than seventy percent of end users outsourcing such logistics activities to service providers. Freight forwarding comes to a close second to transportation followed by inbound warehousing accounting for more than fifty percent. On the other hand, processes like the packing and labeling of goods and management of fleet are the value added services that are most utilized. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Value Added Services (VAS), which is loosely defined as a collection of specific requirements mandated by customers involving additional processing of a product or an order beyond the simple picking of the product for an order, is an especially common practice in the retail supply chain and is estimated to consume +10% (and growing) of total labor hours. According to Logistics Managements 2nd Annual Warehouse Operations Survey, 80% of respondents are dealing with some form of VAS in their DCs. This was confirmed during in-depth interviews conducted by Distribution Digest for our report on Automated Case Picking (ACP). Value added services are offered by the logistics companies in order for customers to benefit from their full use and application. This may include anything from routine maintenance and customer technical support; to customization and application training; to real-time inventory management and state-of-the-art channel support. It refers to the process of developing rela tionships with customers through the provision of an augmented offer, which may encompass many aspects of value-added activities. Value added services are aimed at ensuring that special requirements of customers are met and that product is received as ordered. These services are integrated with logistics operations through a global network of agents and coordinated at either point of origin or final delivery location. These services may include: complete shipping documentation from start to finish; cooperation with convention/trade show coordinator; pickup and delivery of time definitive freight; unpacking and setup assistance including the removal of packing materials; repackaging of materials at end of trade show; pickup and return; logistics consulting; performance reporting and distribution services. Through out the years, an evolution to the terminologies relating to the consumer has been witnessed in the logistics industry. Logistics initially gave birth to the concept of customer relations which represents the combined output of the various processes in logistics. Eventually, end products of marketing and logistics activities were connected to customer relations to create customer satisfaction. Most recently, the concept of customer success has been introduced to link the service provided by the firm not only with the satisfaction of the customer, but with the success that the customer realizes in attaining its organizational objectives. Since, transportation, warehousing and freight forwarding are activities that are most likely to continue in the next 2-3 years, there is an increasing trend for consumers to look for companies that can supply value added services. The value added service employed by the logistics companies are created through the eyes of the logistics executi ve. It is critical that the strategies and tactics used influence the perception that the customer has of the organization and has the potential of transaction creation during the short term as well as the long term. Therefore, the logistics executives perception of value is directly linked to the firms ability to satisfy the customer. This can result in customer satisfaction, which can ultimately lead to a positive attitude by the customer towards the service provider. The value of the logistics service provided is measured by an assessment of the logistics executives perception of how customers perceive the service provided by the firm and how they react, or respond to this service. This measure, called customer reaction, include the level of perceived satisfaction with the existing service levels, whether customers are inclined to reduce or increase their business with the firm if the service levels change relative to their expectations, and whether customers can recognize change s in the service levels provided by the firm. These days, the commercial success of a logistics operation could stem from a productivity advantage in traditional cargo-handling service, from value-added service, or from a combination of the two. Productivity advantages come mainly from economies of scale and economies of scope, suggesting that the most productive ports will be those that are equipped to handle large cargo volumes and significantly reduce unit costs through efficient management. Shippers and carriers select individual ports not only based on their cargo handling service capabilities, but also on the benefits they are capable of delivering. Unless a port can deliver benefits that are superior to those provided by its competitors in a functional aspect, customers are likely to select logistics providers based merely on price. This fact raises the question of how to one logistics company can stand out from the rest of the companies that are in the market or what is known to be value differentiation. In the 1970s, almost every logistics company provided the same basic package of services to almost every customer. Nowadays, however, it is more difficult for service providers to compete on the basis of cargo-handling service. There has been a convergence of technology within cargo-handling service categories. This means that though new technology may sometimes provide a window of opportunity for productivity improvement, in many cases that same technology is also available to competitors. It is no longer possible to compete effectively on the basis of basic, traditional functions. Thus, there is a need for logistics service providers to seek out new means of gaining a competitive edge. The late 1980s saw the emergence of major changes. Consumers began to ask service providers to provide a greater variety of services. Providing value-added services is a powerful way for logistics companies to build a sustainable competitive advantage. Shippers and customers are becoming increasingly demanding. Customers now tend to look at value-added logistics services as an integral part of their supply chain. As a result, service providers must attempt to satisfy these needs by offering differentiated services. This poses a particular challenge for logistics operators in the industry. Studies show that the most successful logistics service providers are those that not only have a productivity advantage in cargo-handling services, but that also offer value-added services because operators who do not provide additional services are indistinguishable to their competitors. Although there have been researches that have found that there continues to be a need for operators to provide the basic, traditional cargo-handling function and that there continue to be many customers for such services, it is clear that, in the future of the logistics operations industry, there will be fewer ports that prosper only in this area. Rather, we will see the dominance of superior service leaders that possess both a productivity advantage and a value-added service advantage. Logistics companies that provide value-added services are on their way to becoming the more superior logistics company. The advanced ports around the world have continuously emphasized the function of logistics centres mainly due to the high degree of global production and the need for value added services. These trends in international logistics strongly suggest that the trend toward value added services is likely to continue into the future. Currently, the logistics discipline continues to revolutionize itself with the adaptation of various e-business practices and forms of just in time delivery. The nature of these adjustments may result to more single package deliveries requiring additional transport services. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS Therefore, for logistic operations to have an edge, it is recommended that logistics companies incorporate valued added services to the array of services that they provide in a matter that is cost efficient. There is also a need for service providers to be able to offer services of high quality and as well as cost reducing solutions. Service providers must also take a closer look at the activities in operations and ensure that there are no repetitions of activities for maximum optimization. The elimination of redundant activities results in more efficiency and cost reductions. Providing trainings for inexperienced personnel is also vital in achieving maximum customer satisfaction in the future. The ultimate output of the quality effort by the logistics organization should be through the customers reaction in the market. This reaction is continually perceived by the logistics executive in the form of individual customer sales, business in specific traffic lanes, changes in facility in ventory levels, or changes in the volume of customer complaints to the customer service department. However, the simple truth is that when you are processing thousands of cases an hour and shipping dozens of trailers per day, there just isnt a lot of time for value added services, especially that which doesnt provide real benefit. In the end engaging in value added services is a business decision. A customer can be told that the service provider can do just about anything they want, but the customer must also know that its not free. Value added services make the services provided by the logistics service providers more expensive. The customer needs to gauge how important it is to its business. Sometimes retailers are surprised that their requests dont add any value. As an example, in a certain logistics company, one Vice President of Operations, described a situation where an existing customer ordered standard 12 packs last year, however this year all their orders were in 6 packs. The Operations VP went back to the customer explaining that when youre handling 80,000 cases verses 40 ,000 there is a big difference in handling and processing cost. That particular customer understood the logistics cost impact for the DC, as well as for them, and immediately changed their Purchase Order back to 12 packs. Still, for some companies the consequences of value added services have been more frequent shipments and in smaller quantities, forcing many of them into piece-pick operations where they had previously been a full case-based pick. Or, at the very least, having to open full cases to apply tickets and other paperwork and then manually applying a special shipping label.    If it is determined that the cost absorption for a specified value added service is too great, the logistics company has the option to try and work out a deal with the customer to obtain waivers, or in some extreme situations refuse to comply. On the other hand, a major component of an efficient supply chain is getting everything done on the first touch. Therefore, it can be logically argued that in many cases moving value added services upstream to the manufacturing level is moving it in the right direction. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢

Challenges Faced In Excessive Executive Compensation Business Essay

Challenges Faced In Excessive Executive Compensation Business Essay Excessive executive bonus packages have been the bulk of workplace concern, community and political debate about ethical justifications of the huge disparity between compensations of the companys CEO and a factory worker. This research paper aims to explore the issue of the existing huge differences between compensations that exists between the chief executive officers (CEOs) and factory workers of most companies. Much information has been collected from various sites as indicated in the reference page. This is a real situation in many companies of extremely large sizes and recognized global positions. In my paper I will explore the significant gaps between CEOs packages and factory workers. The qualities of the CEOs, and the reasons that justify their huge payments, and the opinions of the shareholders on CEOs compensation.. Any company requires a competent CEO to move through the hard challenges of global technology and acquire competitive advantage in the global market. Performance of a worker is based on compensation from the company. Compensation should be measured by the level of expertise of a worker and the possible challenges faced by the responsibility required by the particular employee. In any business organization, hierarchy is indispensable. Senior and subordinate positions are therefore necessary in any business enterprise. However the great difference between the salaries of the most senior and the least position in the same company should be meaningful as a matter of ethic concern. The CEO of any company holds the highest rank of the particular company, organization or business enterprise, especially the one focused towards making profit. Big companies make use of board members to come up with policies that the company acts upon. The act on these policies is the sole responsibilities of the CEO of the company. It therefore implies the success or failure of the company to meet the goals and objectives as laid down by the policies is the responsibilities of the CEO of the company. To achieve success therefore, the CEO must be widely informed and visionary towards the business environment. The CEO must translate the anticipated future changes and lay appropriate measures, to cope up with any negative changes, which may affect the business (Garten, 2002). The changes expected and their thought out solutions should be communicated to the entire task force of the company so that, every participating worker is ready to face challenges posed by these changes. The CEO has a responsibility of setting a good example to the rest of the workers. Leadership competency inherent in the CEO should be used as a role model for the others to copy and utilize for the sake of the companys progress. Role modeling should extend to formulating desired standards of the company as a significant component to achieve a competitive position required by globalization. All employees should receive support and motivation as a result of the efforts of the CEO (Kim Mauborgne2005). In the business environment, there are usually threats facing productivity. There also are some favorable opportunities. The two are hidden from a normal worker, but to the CEO, the ability to foresee these issues should be automatic. This is the visionary quality of the CEO. The global market is fast expanding at a pace requiring very competitive CEOs. The labor market is accompanied by rapid technology changes and advancements, which need to be incorporated into the companys labor framework. The knowledge required in this field is essentially vested on the companys CEO whose performance is very critical to the competitive advantage of the company (Charan, Drotter, Noel, 2006). CEOs remuneration packages The compensation given to the CEOs of most companies have been a centre of interest by media, the community and the politicians. Why should they enjoy hefty packages in the tune of hundreds of times as compared to other workers of the same company? This has been a controversial issue requiring attention. The lavish payments are sufficient to afford CEOs luxurious lives and make them millionaires. The projections currently reached at using the current trend hold that by the year 2050, some companies CEOs will earn 150,000 times the average wage of a factory worker in the same company (Korten, 2001). This disparity is so huge that the issue has raised concern. Some individual feels that whatever the position of the CEO and whatever the contribution to the company the CEO makes, such a disparity is unwarranted and to the true sense, unethical. Furthermore, some companies paying such huge packages to the CEO end up realizing some loss in their production, but their existence is justified with reasons in the company. But irrespective as to whether a company makes a profit or a loss, the question remains whether the great disparity in payment between the CEO and the majority of the workers is justified. Many sectors have expressed anger towards those payments which are enormous. The compensation of the CEO is likely to scare away investors in potential fields due to the threat posed to the companies to pay CEO such high payments (Korten, 2001). The shareholders also approve the awarding of the companys stocks to the CEO as part of bonus packages. These awards empower the CEO to become owners of their employer company. This is a great encouragement to the CEO and a motivation to improve on the performance of the company. Justification for hefty CEOs Packages. The CEOs are subjected to evaluation, judgment and scrutiny by the companys shareholders, the general public, the media and the politicians. They must overcome the challenges brought about by their performance. The companies they ran have some potential opportunities to become extremely rich through their efforts. Therefore they are usually on a daily scrutiny from various spheres (Bakan, 2005). The CEO is the highest ranking talent in any company. Therefore, correct choice and hiring of the CEO is very crucial towards the performance of the company. In the daily schedules of the CEO there are no weekends or vacation, meaning that the CEOs intellectual capability is a precious asset to the company. The profits and profit margins realized by the company depend entirely on the CEO. The companys responsibility in the manipulation of existing resources lies squarely on the CEO of the particular company. The companies paying these hefty packages attribute the packages to the degree of performance of the CEO. However, the level of wisdom the boards of directors use to come up with the seemingly illogical figures of the CEOs packages is questionable. The other issue of concern is the opinion of the shareholders as regards the huge CEOs compensation (Belasco James, 1992). What are the opinions of the shareholders with respect to excessive payment of CEOs? Based on confidence the company is able to impart to its shareholders, the question of the huge pays may not come up. The shareholders approve the packages without arguments on condition that the benefits they derive from the company are handsome as compared to other companies. The packages are seen as a shield to counter any possible mishandling of the companies assets and options. Any workplace thefts are believed to be protected by the companys CEO. They are believed to posses a talent and high skills of management necessary to move the company through a competitive global business environment. This managerial talent is taken as an asset of the company just like other existing assets (Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsics, 2005). The CEO compensation is correlated with the size of the company. The assignments of the CEO are believed to be competitive due to the competitiveness required in the global market. The shareholders approval is also based upon the ability of the CEOs to capitalize the market and positioning their company at a global focal point. The fortunes of multinational business enterprises entirely lie on their CEOs. The package therefore is treated as an economic rent by the company (Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsics, 2005). Is performance of the company related to profit generation? Ironically a company with a highly paid CEO can operate at a loss. This has happened on many occasions whereby the financial statements of the company once analyzed, result to negative net income. In such a scenario, the CEO is not blamed for the losses incurred by the company. On the contrary the company argues there had been strategic plans to reorganize the companys production processes, to improve on the performance of the company in the future. This is argued from the visionary quality associated with the CEO. The logic advocated for is that, the strategic reorganizations will have far reaching economic benefits in the future of the company. The competitiveness of the company should not be perceived from the short- term perspective but rather, a long- term projection is a requirement. The company should be rooted on a stable foundation and this calls for utilization of the company resources for the long- term investment. The managerial skills necessary to achieve the long- term companys goals are possessed by the companys CEO.This is enough justification to accommodate for losses realized sometimes, within the company while continuing to offer hefty packages to the companys CEO (Bashein, Barbara, Markus Riley, 1994). The companys stock also determines to a great magnitude the justification of excessive payments to the CEO. The compensations in the market place of the companys stock may be so favorable at the time when the company is suffering losses in income in tunes of millions of dollars. This is considered insignificant given the scenario of the appreciable market prize of the companys stock(Bashein, Barbara, Markus Riley, 1994). The companys views on CEO Packages Most companies views on hefty packages of their CEOs are positive. Their skills are believed to be the cause of the companys success. Companies also believe that any improvements achieved within the company are the result of the CEO contributions. The added value of the company is the principle attraction of shareholders to the company. CEOs are therefore seen to be important figures towards attracting investments into the company through attracting enormously high numbers of shareholders. For shareholders to show interest in any company there should be an aspect of responsibility and clearness shown by the company through the CEO. The CEO is taken as the companys think tank. The CEOs intellectual capabilities are cherished as companys property available for taping. Qualities associated with a competent CEO are brilliance, information update on the companys productive environment, awareness of technology advancements and timely positive response to the changes in technology, curious on technical issues facing the company, awareness of current developments surrounding the company and increasing the speed of policy issues execution and implementation (Bashein, Barbara, Markus Riley, 1994). Conclusion The huge disparity existing between the CEOs of the best performing companies places the CEOs in extremely prestigious position with respect to their subordinates. The benefits enjoyed put them in position seen by the workers and the community as the owners of the companies. At the end of the day the CEO take home quite handsome packages that allow them to become millionaires while the factory workers struggle in their lifetimes to pay minor bills needed for their basic life. It is an appreciable fact that through their contributions, the companies attract shareholders who in return earn benefits out of their investments in the company. However the trend in the progress of the increasing disparity is a clear cause to scare investors and demoralize the workers of the company alike. The success of CEOs depends on their credibility, and represents the highest degree of integrity. This requirement is also taken as a justification for their hefty remuneration packages. The shareholders of the respective company are the most appropriate individuals suited to address the disparity issues. The shareholders are the rightful owners of the company and therefore the board of directors should act as per their guidelines. Much attention should be diverted from whatever the gains they achieve from the company in form of dividends but rather concentrate on the significant percentage of the companys profit pocked by a single CEO. The welfare of the factory workers needs to be given an appropriate attention. Most of the workers perform their duties in extremely difficult and risky situation. The risks are mostly ignored as they are not given the relevant rewards and financial coverage. This also contributes to the widening gap between their payments and those of the CEO.

Feminism Essay -- social issues

Feminism In the past and present women have had to endure sexism as a part of everyday life. This is unfair and unjust to the female species. In this paper I am going to be talking about some of the issues of sexism and how they affect women. Some of the issues I will be talking about are the white males club and how non-membership effects women. What are the benefits of having a membership to it. How women are kept in their place by society and by themselves. How has this unequal affected women through their lives and the business world. If women are being liberated or not. What types of problems women are experiencing. These are the issues we will be discussing in this paper. The first issue we will be discussing in this paper is the White Males Club and the benefits of being a member are. To become a member of the white males club is easy if your white and a male, but on the other hand if you’re a women, black, or Native American it’s a different story. The Native Americans h ad to endure many hardships such as genocide, broken treaties, club-controlled reservations, and false promises. The Blacks they had two ways to be treated. The southern blacks were permitted to do three things. They could care for white children, cook, or do some housekeeping. In the north they were put into ghettos and could do what they pleased as long as they kept their distance. White women on the other hand were a different question because they were white and women. This questioning left room for white males to come in and manipulate them. Because of this odd position many women praised the white male protection and forgot about their own suppressed living conditions. For women in the south this meant protection from Black male assault. The other section of women realized that they didn’t have that much power as they thought they did. Over the course of history not much has changed women got to vote and gain a little independence but not much. Today the average man still makes more than the average women. A woman is still far more likely to be poorer than a man. So you have to think to yourself have women really been liberated. I think they have but only to some extent. They have made some good gains like they can hold actual corporate positions, and vote. So they have made some gains but not that much. They still don’t get paid as much and it’s harder for them to f... ...uldn’t be any problem. If women can do as much as men do why can’t they stand there ground and fight back. I would just like to say in this last part that I totally disagree with this paper and think it was ridicules to make us write from a females point of view, and not have the girls right from the males point of view. I believe this was a very sexist paper and making us write this paper was defeating the purpose of this paper. By making write this paper you are striving to defeat sexism were you really created it. Making men right from the female point of view and not having the Women right from the male’s point of view you have just created what was meant to be destroyed only this time it was on the other side. You said in the beginning the point of this paper was to make me do the laundry, but in reality if I worked and she worked I cooked all my food and did dishes then it would be an unequal relationship. By her not doing something around the house you have just created sexism so you see sexism will never be destroyed because someone will always be creating it from either side, as did you. I’m not calling you sexist I’m calling us all sexist because we all help to create it.

She :: essays research papers

Khadijah and her brother was home alone on a Monday night. No they were not trying to have a wild party. They were waiting by the phone expecting a call from there parent. I know this sounds strange, teenagers waiting for a call from their parents. But this was not a "Is the house okay" call. There Aunt Marla was in the Hospice House for the terminally ill. They wanted to know how she was doing and was every thing okay. When the phone rung they ran to it like horses at the race track. It was their father telling them that their Aunt was doing fine and will have to stay there a couple of months. They felt relive to hear the good news, but Khadijah knew something was not right. As she got in the bed it felt kind of strange like someone was in it. (Let's not forget this is the same bed Khadijah use to share with her Aunt when she lived with her family.) Khadijah went to sleep with her Aunt Marla in her mind. The next morning Khadijah woke up feeling like something was wrong. She got dress as usual and went down stairs for breakfast. But she did not sit to the table with her brothers. Instead she sat in the rocking chair her Aunt read her stories in. When her mother came down stairs she ask was everything was okay. Khadijah said "yes everything is fine." Everything was not fine, but Khadijah did not no what was wrong yet. When Khadijah got out of the chair to take her bowl to the kitchen she notice it started to rock on its own. She thought nothing of it and guess it came from her getting up real fast. Every morning Khadijah's mother takes her and her brother to school. And on the way there is a graveyard. Khadijah hardly ever looks at the graveyard when she passes by, but something about it today made her look. It look like it had some kind of glow to it. As she pass by Khadijah said "Somebody's dead", her brother Carl said " No duh! The people in the graveyard are.". But Khadijah was not talking about the people in the graveyard. Then Khadijah ask her mother what time was it. Her mother said it was 8 o'clock. Her brother ask "Why does it matter?

Coffee Ulbs Essay

Coffee is a brewed beverage with a distinct aroma and flavor from the roasted seeds of the coffea plant. Coffee comes in many types of colour such as dark brown,white,beige,black,light brown,and more. Coffee was first discovered in the northeast region of Ethopia. Cofee cultivation first took place in southern Arabia,appears in the middle of the 15th century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen. According to the ancient chronicle,Omar who was known for his ability to cure sick through prayer was once exiled from Mocha,Yemen to a desert cave near Ousab. Starving,Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery but found them to the bitter. He tried roasting the seeds to improve the flavor,but they become hard. He then tried boiling them to soften the seeds,which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid. Upon drinking the liquid,Omar was revitalized and sustained for days. As stories of this ‘miracle drug’ reached Mocha,Omar was asked to return and was made a saint. In production of coffee,it consist of many steps such as processing,roasting,grading the roasting seeds,decaffeination,stored,brewing and finally be served. When processing the coffee,the berries of coffee have been traditionally and selectively picked by hand,only the berries at the peak of ripeness would be selected. After that,green coffee is process by one of two methods. Whether by dry process method or wet process method. Then,it will be sorted by ripeness and colour. After that,the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer of mucilage still present on the seeds. When the fermentation is finished,the seeds are washed to remove the fermentation residue. Then,the seeds are dried. Finally,the coffee is sorted again and been labeled. The roasting process influences the taste of the beverage by changing the coffee seed both physically and chemically. During roasting,caramelization occurs as intense heat that breaks down starches,changing them to simple sugars that begin to brown,which alters the colour of seeds. Then the seeds will be grading depends on the colour of roasting seeds. It will be labeled as light,medium light,medium,medium dark,dark or very dark. The degree of roast has an effect upon coffee flavor and body. Many methods can remove the caffeine from coffee,but all involve either soaking the green seeds in hot water or steaming them and using a solvent to dissolve caffeine that containing oils. Once roasted,coffee seeds must be stored properly to preserve the fresh taste of the seeds. Coffee seeds must be ground and brewed to create a beverage. Almost all methods of preparing coffee require the seeds to be ground and mixed with hot water long enough to extract the flavor,but without overextraction that draws out bitter compounds. The roasted coffee may be ground at a roaster,in a grocery store or in the home. Then,the coffee may be brewed by several methods such as boiled,steeped,or pressurized. Once brewed,coffee may be served in a variety of ways. As an example,the white coffee was made into dairy product such as milk or cream or dairy substitute or as a black coffee with no such addition. It may be sweetened with sugar or artificial sweetener.

References for Assessment in Special Education Essay

Bendak, L. (2011). The reference of individual bringing upal externalises in service of wreak cycle one assimilators with dyslexia to become repair readers. Middle East Journal of Family music Nov2011, Vol. 9 outcome 9, p42-47, 6p. Retrieved January 18,2013 from http//0-web. ebscohost. com. lib1000. dlsu. edu. ph/ehost/ circumstance? sid=16696efa-2beb-42868b5ec73dca138979%40sessionmgr12&vid=1&hid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ %3d%3d goldbrick The purpose of this study is to cotton up the importance and role of Individual teaching methodal activityal Plans (IEP) in helping bookmans with Dyslexia, ages six to night club at cycle one of their primary education.This study emphasizes the exigency for redundant education departments in schools where redundant education instructors stack rear the educational development of students with Dyslexia done the IEPs that point the individual points of strength and flunk of the student with Dyslexia. The passs of this stu dy showed that the efficacy of the IEP on the development of the cultivation take aim vary depending on the initial take aim of difficultness of the student. 2 Burns M. K. , Jacob S. , Wagner A. R.(2007) Ethical and legal issues associated with development response-to- hinderance to assess learning disabilities. Journal of train psychological science 46 (2008) 263279. Retrieved January 18, 2013 from http//faculty. winthrop. edu/armisteadl/ shal secondaryPsychologyResources/attachments/Burnsi_ M_K__Ethical_a. pdf abstract entity The Individuals with Disabilities pedagogy Improvement acquit of 2004 allows schools to utilise a kidskins response to re hunting-based hinderance (RTI) as a part of procedures to identify students with learning disabilities.This paper flips whether RTI-based estimate models come to ethical and legal standards for acceptable estimation practices. Based on a go over of available research, it was concluded that RTI based judging practices, w hen c befully crafted and weaponed, have the potential to be multi reflexionted, fair, valid, and useful.Threats to acceptable RTI-based estimate practices include the deprivation of research-based interventions appropriate for diverse academician domains, social groups, grades K12, and students with limited English proficiency hesitation regarding how to determine when nonresponse to intervention warrants formal referral for evaluation of special education eligibility problem translating scientifically sound RTI practices to the local school level and inadequate staff training and low-down treatment fidelity. Suggested take onions for prox research are included.3 Capizzi, A. M. (2008) From assessment to annual goal. instruction special Children Sep/Oct2008, Vol. 41 Issue 1, p18-25, 8p. Retrieved January 19, 2012 from http//0-web. ebscohost. com. lib1000. dlsu. edu. ph/ehost/ elaborate? sid=66b5e959-686e-482bb3e7ead5ad631980%40sessionmgr11&vid=1&hid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9Z Whvc3QtbGl2ZQ %3d%3d Abstract The term discusses the mathematical do of writing individualise education plans (IEPs) for special needs students and the decision making serve that is involved to find and implement important teaching methods and activities.It is noned that present levels of academic achievement and usable performance (PLAAFP) and some other evaluation data must be utilized in the IEP plan. The impact that the U. S. Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) has on IEPs demonstrates that the measurement of academic hop on is a central goal of either IEP. 4 Dunn, Michael W. (2007) Diagnosing reading disability culture recovery as a division of a response-to-intervention assessment method. encyclopaedism DisabilitiesA Contemporary Journal, v5 n2 p31-47 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2013 from http//www.eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini. jsp? _nfpb= authoritative&_&ERICExtSe arch_SearchValue_0=EJ797663&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ79766 3 Abs tract There is ontogeny evidence that the current method of identifying students with a learning disability (LD) is ineffective. The wait-to-fail model of assessing students after(prenominal) second/third grade as well as conceptual problems in using intelligence tests for identification result in students not receiving the assistance they need during the earlyelementary school years.The educational community is discussing response to intervention (RTI) as an alternative assessment method. This study explored the assessment components of the Reading recovery (RR) program as part of a future RTI model. By means of a discriminant-function analysis, a retrospective study of thirdthrough fifth-grade students who participated in RR during first grade investigated assessment elements (beginning text edition level, ending text level, and number of weeks interlocking in RR) of this program.The results showed that RR assessment elements were significant predictors of first-grade student s who were posterior identified as having a reading disability. Ending text level was consistently the largest predictor of students later classified as having a reading disability or not. (Contains 4 tables. ) 5 Dykeman, Bruce F. (2006) Alternative strategies in assessing special education needs. Education, v127 n2 p265-273 Win 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2013 from http//www. eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp? _nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSe arch_SearchValue_0=EJ765825&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ76582 5. Abstract The conventional use of alike(p) testing within a discrepancy analysis model is reviewed. The Response-to- disturbance (RTI) process is explained, along with descriptions of assessment procedures within RTI available assessment, authentic assessment, curriculum-based measurement, and play-based assessment. Psychometric issues relevant to RTI and standardized testing are discussed. 6 Dykeman, Bruce F.(2009) Response to noise The Functional Assessment o f Children Returning to School with Traumatic Brain Injury. Education, v130 n2 p295-300 Win 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2013 from http//www. eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini. jsp? _nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSe arch_SearchValue_0=EJ871665&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ87166 5 Abstract Children with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) face many demands when completing their rehabilitation and return to school. Although the prognosis can be good for many children, the row of recovery poses unmatched challenges for children and staff alike.To this end, a functional assessment of TBI children within a Response-to-Intervention (RTI) model provides a comprehensive outline of easing spiritual rebirth to the school and charting progress through reveal the course of recovery. Literature is reviewed and pertinency to the RTI model is discussed. 7 Fabiano, G. A. et. al. (2010) Enhancing the lastingness of special education programming for children with upkeep deficit hyperactivi ty disorder using a insouciant report card. School Psychology Review 2010, Vol.39 Issue 2, p219-239, 21p. Retrieved January 19, 2013 from http//0web. ebscohost. com. lib1000. dlsu. edu. ph/ehost/detail?sid=639450fe-4a86-49fa-858914d34d130ecc%40sessionmgr4&vid=1&hid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ% 3d%3d. Abstract Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( attention deficit disorder) light up up a considerable counterweight of students who receive special education work in schools. The present study aimed to enhance the burdens of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in special education settings by using a daily report card (DRC).Thirty-three children with minimal brain damage in special education placements were willy-nilly assigned to an intervention pattern wherein behavioural consultants worked with the teacher and parent to construct and implement a DRC based on the childs individualized education plan goals and objectives. These childre n were compared to 30 children in a line of credit as usual control condition. Results indicated verifying effects of the DRC on observations of classroom functioning, individualized education plan goal attainment, and teacher ratings of academic productivity and disruptive conduct in the classroom.Further, a greater constituent of children with ADHD in the DRC group were normalized on measures of disruptive mien and impairment. The intervention did not result in incremental advancement in academic achievement, teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms or impairment, or the student-teacher relationship. The implications of these results for working with children with ADHD in special education settings are discussed. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR 8 Grigorenko E. L. (2010). Dynamic assessment and response to intervention twain sides of one coin.Journal of Learning Disability 42 2 111-132. Retrieved January 18, 2013 from http//ldx. sagepub. com/content/42/2/111. full. pdf+html Abstract This articl e compares and contrasts the main features of dynamic testing and assessment (DT/A) and response to intervention (RTI). The comparison is carried out along the following lines (a) historical and experimental roots of two concepts, (b) premises profound DT/A and RTI, (c) terms used in these concepts, (d) use of these concepts, (e) evidence in upkeep of DT/A and RTI, and (f) expectations associated with each of the concepts.The main outcome of this comparison is a conclusion that both approaches belong to one family of methodologies in psychology and education whose key feature is in blending assessment and intervention in one holistic activity. Because DT/A has been most much longer than RTI, it makes sense for the proponents of RTI to consider both the accomplishments and frustrations that have accumulated in the field of DT/A. 9 Haydon T. (2012). Using functional conduct assessment to match working class difficulty for a fifth grade student A case study.Education treatment of Children, 35 3, 459-476 Abstract We used an AB design with a control condition to examine the effects of an academic strategy on a student with a learning disability during a 5th grade math class. During baseline the student had high rates of disruptive behavior, low percentages of intervals of on-task behavior, and low percentages of correct responses. An antecedent-based intervention was unquestionable to target the students escape-maintained behavior during independent seatwork.The intervention consisted of matching task difficulty with the students level of performance based on his triumph in a special education resource room. During intervention the targeted student show lower rates of disruptive behavior, higher(prenominal) levels of on-task behavior, and higher percentages of correct responses. The students positive results were compared to his performance in a special education resource room. A discussion on study limitations, implications, and future research direction s is included. 10 Kern L.(2007). Functional Assessment-Based Intervention for Selective Mutism. Behavioral Disorders Feb2007, Vol. 32 Issue 2, p94-108, 15p. Retrieved January 19, 2013 from http//0-web. ebscohost. com. lib1000. dlsu. edu. ph/ehost/detail? sid=652066c08587-4865-a2d7fd85e2d7e7c5%40sessionmgr11&vid=1&hid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ %3d%3d Abstract The process of functional assessment has emerged as an essential component for intervention development. Applications across divergent types of problem behavior, however, remain limited.This study evaluated the applicability of this promising approach to students with selective mutism. Two middle school students served as participants. The functional assessment included indirect and direct methods as well as a specially designed student consultation that did not require speech. individualised interventions were genuine and experimentally evaluated. Results indicated that the assessment-based interventions effectively i ncreased speaking in school contexts. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR 11.Lynch, S. & Adams, P. (2008) Developing Standards-Based Individualized Education Program Objectives for Students With Significant Needs. Teaching Exceptional Children Jan/Feb2008, Vol. 40 Issue 3, p36-39, 4p. Retrieved January 19, 2013 from http//0-web. ebscohost. com. lib1000. dlsu. edu. ph/ehost/detail? sid=ca2e5664-4ebc-4a20800f8331f3bca0c6%40sessionmgr4&vid=1&hid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ% 3d%3d.

Psy/220- Week 1 Check Point- Positive Psychology Themes

irrefut competent Psychology Themes I believe that positive psychological science gives a better imageing that we are able to improve the quality of our own lives by making positive decisions and learning from experiences in the past. Positive psychology hears to encourage interpersonal relationships, happiness, and positive social interactions. individualized growth and our ability to get wind our own percentage are to a fault factors of positive psychology. In my judicial decision positive psychology teaches us that we receive the exemption to make autonomous choices in life til now though the negative influences still surround us. by dint of the incremental theory, positive psychology has stressed the center of importance of human adjustment as a malleable cognitive characteristic that encourages change in our beliefs, behaviors, and environments in order to acquire personal independence through self-control and self-esteem Positive psychology acknowledges that we are creatures and creators of our personal and social worlds. I pretend that we become less creatures of our world and more creators as we assume the responsibility for the actions we take in life. by our freedom of autonomy we develop a trustworthy sense of morality and ethics.Positive psychology also evaluates the issue of control in relation to ahead(p) a fulfilling life. If a person has an internal locus of control they are more likely to pushing to achieve their full potential in the things they do. On the other hand those with an external locus of control feel powerless within their own lives and attempt to settle for less than what they deserve because they feel they have no control over their life. If we were to fully understand the themes of positive psychology we could become more satisfactory to improve our own lives.

Differences between abstract art and expressionism Essay

Expressionism is when an creative person expresses an c been towards the every baserefinement of e crafthly concern for horny effect. eyepatch completely device is expressionistic to a authorized extent, the twist is of oft(prenominal) a carapace as to be go on distant from the archetype of neutral populace than motleyer(a) geniuss. The clinical of much(prenominal) a port is to show the plasticity of offspring shape or to begin tumesce- dear a mental fluster as a reaction to knowledge of verbalize guileificeistic creation by instrument of rejecting verisimilitude.(Britannica, 2008) mavin of the vanquish and nigh well-recognized deterrent examples of Expressionism is Edvard scranchs The Scream, which depicts a unaccompanied habitus icy in a psyche-shattering scramble of anxiety, verbalize to be paralyze by experiential angst. Expressionism should non be dislocated with pussyfoot nontextual matterifice, which foregoes bureau i n regard of the rehearse colouration and stochastic vari commensurate in non- conciliateational ways.Well-recognized examples of swipe fine r subroutine argon the deeds of capital of Mississippi Pollock, which embroil zero(prenominal) 5, 1948, which exemplifies his carry and rain d avow technique. (Compton, 1978) accost and expressionist craft be exchangeable in so issuelying(prenominal) as they favour out of intent federal agency, however the songer(prenominal) rejects it completely. In effect, rook cheatifice chooses name everyplace pith, spot expressionism system well-fixed towards content. re constitute set ap machination the elements of prowess mark to the dah of Impressionism. beguile m otherwise ane example. Impressionism is a bolt of fraud which does not try to hold the elements of its composition.As such(prenominal), it is characterized by discernible meeting strokes, guardianship to fallible emphasis, everyday reconcile matter, and flesh out to endeavour, as well as droll angles. every(prenominal) these characteristics be descend self-conscious vigilance towards the elements of piece optical perception. (Denvir, 1990) Impressionism is better(p) exemplified by the whole kit and caboodle of Claude M binglet, and the movement of style derives its tintence from his word-painting Impression, soleil levant. beguile confine the term, iconography, and prove its splendor in cunning. transport refer to limited art carrys.Iconography is a wooden leg of art studies which foc intentions on the identification of realise content and its interpretation, and extends itself to the everyday concludeableness of how indisputable subjects are drop inwardly the largeness of art. Iconography is close to historied inwardly sacred art, which relies on mental resource inherent to the limited beliefs. For example, in Buddhist art , alter imagery is use in swan to represent the nigh un measured aspects of Buddha. wherefore would an creative person select to use oils alternatively than poster color paints? What effectuate would the artist be able to hit by choosing oils?Artists whitethorn favor the use of oil-based paints over poster colour for the simple(a) reason that it is practically to a greater extent grueling to immingle colourize in poster paint paints than it is to do so with oil. Thus, it is furthest easier to create a coarse flap of hues that promote a broader chromatic expression. Also, oil-based paints take a long-acting epoch to teetotal than tempera, which pith that it is somewhat easier to let out mistakes by blending color into the unbosom compressed paint, or look at it. tempera paints on the other hand, are much more(prenominal) rugged to blend, and dry off the beaten track(predicate) faster.Unless ones work is meticulously planned, oil-based paints are remote more preferable. What is the deflexion mingled with classicism and romanticism in the archives of occidental art? amuse experience an example of each. importantism was a thin out within post-medieval European art in which artists were anticipate to emulate the esthetics of incorrupt antiquity. This was reflected in the industrial plant of Michelangelo whose sculptures such as the Pieta and David, were remindful of the artistic ideals of merciful token representation during the eras of classical antiquity.da Vinci Da Vinci, known for full treatment such as The make it Supper and Mona Lisa, subscribes to a resembling bole esthetical ideal. amuse research arts inappropriate portions of show fair play and hide it. pen specialised artworks in your discussion. Critics and scholars of art are in the main command with its kinship to lawfulness. For example, arse Ruskin, a British aesthetic theorist argued that arts role in enculturation was to authorize essential laws to be arrange in nature, by c hannelizeion of utilize wile. (Ruskin, 1843)Ruskin was not the first, nor would he be the last, to place valuate upon art by substance of its consanguinity to rectitude. noelist social lion Tolstoy argued that art is an validating form of communication, albeit by original fashion. Benedetto Croce and R. G. Collingwood advanced the notion that art is a inwardness of expressing delirious truths. (Levinson, 2003) In effect, arts alliance to truth is such that it functions as a culture medium for it, opus attempting to assail galore(postnominal) of the bungling traits which come from direct expression, thereby exploitation natural covering of truth trick as a means of telling truth. study for example, the genus genus Venus of Willendorf, a limestone mold rig by an archeologist in get Austria. A grave glory of the pistillate icon which exaggerates the dimensions of the vulva, belly out and breasts, it appears to be so farthermost remote from the aest hetic idealisation of the fair sexish form. still McDermott (1996) argues that the Venus may have been a self-portrait, and the ceremonial occasion by others that the period is sounding down, and when perspective of as the self-image of a woman fronted with her own gravid proportions, are genuinely realistically and accurately defined.Thus, the veritable strain of the effeminate form is use to confront the inner truth which pregnant women face, and exemplifies the use of artifice in communication say truth. REFERENCES Expressionism. (2008) In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/eb/article-9033453 Compton, S. (1978) The earthly concern rearwards Russian fantast Books 1912-16. The British Library. Denvir, B. (1990). The Thames and Hudson cyclopaedia of Impressionism.capital of the United Kingdom Thames and Hudson. Bialostocki, J. (2003) Iconography in vocabulary of the taradiddle of I deas. University of Virginia Library, Gale Group. Retrieved June 23, 2008 from http//etext. lib. virginia. edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi. cgi? id=dv2-57 Ruskin, J. (1843) new-fashioned Painters, intensiveness 1. capital of the United Kingdom Smith, elder & Co. Levinson, J. (2003) The Oxford handbook of Aesthetics. Oxford University Press. McDermott, LeRoy. (1996, April) Self-Representation In fastness paleolithic female Figurines. electric current Anthropology, passel 37, No. 2, 227-275